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          <h2 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">玩转OpenWrt（2）正确的安装姿势</h2>
        

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        <p>在前面一篇文章里，我们大概了解了OpenWrt的基本情况和发展历史，知道OpenWrt是干啥用的，那么现在我们就安装一个试一下吧。毕竟，纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。</p>
<h1 id="用什么硬件？"><a href="#用什么硬件？" class="headerlink" title="用什么硬件？"></a>用什么硬件？</h1><p>既然要安装OpenWrt，安装到什么地方呢？</p>
<p>安装到电脑？其实还确实是可以安装到电脑的。但是这个条件要求有点高，可以，但没必要。</p>
<p>可以选择安装到虚拟机，例如VirtualBox、VMWare，都是可以的。OpenWrt是支持x86架构的。实际上，这是一种具有可操作性且常用的透明代理方式。后面我会专门写文章来介绍这种用法。</p>
<p>但是这种方式，也不能算是太好的方式。虽然条件要求低，但是安装后，使用上不太方便。而且配置虚拟机对于普通用户也是一个有门槛的事情。</p>
<p>那么用什么硬件呢？网上找一款路由器来刷OpenWrt？这种方式也有缺点，就是商用的路由器，物理Flash还是内存空间，是为了降低成本，用得非常小。对于我们的折腾的目的，实在不方便，而且网上的路由器，刷机都还是有点麻烦的。</p>
<p>有人要说了，你说这也不好，那也不行？你说什么好？</p>
<p>这个时候，我就要拿出我压箱底的树莓派了。这个就很好。</p>
<p>树莓派是最近几年非常流行的单板电脑，只有银行卡大小，但是它功能完备，就是一台货真价实的小电脑。你接上键盘、鼠标、显示屏，就可以用它上网、听歌、打游戏。</p>
<p>不过性能肯定比不上台式机了。</p>
<p>树莓派到目前发展了好几代，最新的叫树莓派4B。之前一个版本是树莓派3B。这两款我都有买。咸鱼上有很多二手的。</p>
<p>4B出来没有多久，资源没有3B的多，但是4B的性能有很大提升。</p>
<p>都说电子产品买新不买旧，但是这个提法在树莓派这里不一定合适。</p>
<p>因为性能不是树莓派的卖点，它的卖点是良好的生态，有大量的玩家围绕树莓派搭建了各种有意思的应用。</p>
<p>所以选3B就不一定不合适。还是看个人需求。</p>
<p>至少从二手市场来看，树莓派还是非常保值的，我几年前买树莓派3B，200多，现在咸鱼二手，基本还是150以上的价格。</p>
<p>不过，我个人建议，还是选4B。因为价格差不多。树莓派可以玩很多年的。</p>
<p>我们就选择树莓派4B。</p>
<p>树莓派的系统是安装在SD卡里来的，所以我们还需要一张SD卡，大小1G以上就行（不过1G及以下的SD卡现在还有吗？）</p>
<p>我在淘宝买夏科、OA这一类低价SD卡，做活动的时候，32G的卡，包邮10块钱以下，做树莓派的系统盘，因为写入不多，目前没有碰到什么问题。</p>
<p>不差钱的可以买好的SD卡。</p>
<p>我下面就用一张32G的夏科的卡。</p>
<p>选择树莓派还有一个好处就是，永远不会刷死机，随你折腾，数据都在SD卡里，大不了格式化重新来过。</p>
<p>另外，树莓派有足够的空间，让我们在OpenWrt里折腾docker这一类高级又很占空间的应用。</p>
<p>树莓派3B、4B都板载了WiFi模块，你不需要另外去购买USB无线网卡了。</p>
<p>不过板载的WiFi模块，信号不能说很好，穿墙应该是不行的。这个时候，就可以上USB无线网卡。</p>
<p>但是，我折腾树莓派的OpenWrt，主要是给电脑做透明代理，顺便做简单NAS。板载WiFi对我来说，够用了。</p>
<h1 id="固件选择"><a href="#固件选择" class="headerlink" title="固件选择"></a>固件选择</h1><p>硬件我们选好，接下来就是选择OpenWrt固件了。</p>
<p>OpenWrt官网，是有针对各个平台编译好的固件，但是我不建议使用官方的固件。</p>
<p>原因：</p>
<ol>
<li>官方固件界面比较丑。</li>
<li>官方固件自带插件少，不适合新手。</li>
</ol>
<p>国内有很多人在做定制OpenWrt的工作。他们在官方的代码基础上，默认加上大量的适合国情的插件，达到开箱即用的效果。而且管理界面也做了优化，看起来比官方的漂亮得多。</p>
<p>比较知名的就是lean大。他的代码地址在这：</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/coolsnowwolf/lede">https://github.com/coolsnowwolf/lede</a></p>
<p>从代码的更新时间看，还是非常活跃的。</p>
<p>不过，我们不直接用lean大的代码，网上还有一些人，在lean大代码基础上，再融合其他好的代码，编译出一些更全面的镜像。</p>
<p>我当前用的就是这个代码编译的镜像：</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/SuLingGG/OpenWrt-Rpi">https://github.com/SuLingGG/OpenWrt-Rpi</a></p>
<p>这个是专门针对树莓派等几个型号来自动编译，会定期编译发布镜像。</p>
<p>打开链接：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/SuLingGG/OpenWrt-Rpi/actions">https://github.com/SuLingGG/OpenWrt-Rpi/actions</a></p>
<p>选择树莓派4 lean版本，选择最新的编译版本。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/teddyxiong53/playopenwrt_pic/raw/master/20201127173748.png"></p>
<p>下面图片红框里的这3个地址，按道理都是可以下载的。复制粘贴到地址蓝打开，如果不行，就换另外一个。因为这些免费网盘会定期清除文件的。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/teddyxiong53/playopenwrt_pic/raw/master/20201127173938.png"></p>
<p>我们选择最下面的奶牛快传，这个是国内的免费云盘，速度还可以。</p>
<p>我们选择红框里的这个进行下载。</p>
<p>openwrt-bcm27xx-bcm2711-rpi-4-ext4-factory.img.gz</p>
<p>这个名字的含义：ext4表示文件系统可写。factory表示出厂镜像，新的设备烧录都选这个。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/teddyxiong53/playopenwrt_pic/raw/master/20201127174343.png"></p>
<h1 id="烧录操作"><a href="#烧录操作" class="headerlink" title="烧录操作"></a>烧录操作</h1><p>固件下载好，我们接下来了就可以把固件烧录到树莓派4B上了。</p>
<p>用读卡器把准备好的SD卡插到电脑上。如果是windows系统，那么可以使用rufus这个烧录软件。下载地址：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://rufus.ie/">http://rufus.ie/</a></p>
<p>这个软件是绿色版本，体积小巧，启动速度飞快，比Win32DiskImager好用多了。</p>
<p>直接选择SD卡的盘符，点击烧录就行。等待烧录完成，拔掉SD卡，插入到树莓派上，上电开机。</p>

      
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